US: Major Survey on Older Adults’ Health, Retirement
The National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the National Institutes of
Health (NIH), has renewed its cooperative agreement with the University of
Michigan to continue the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the nation’s leading
resource for data on the combined health and economic conditions of Americans
over age 50. The HRS, now in its 14th year, follows more than 20,000 people at
two-year intervals, providing data from pre-retirement to advanced age. A major
goal of the study is to help address the scientific and policy challenges posed
by the nation’s aging population.
The renewal will provide approximately $70 million in funding over the next
six years to continue the study. The U.S. Social Security Administration also
will provide funding for such activities as collecting and developing data on
pensions and consumption.
“Since it began in 1992, the Health and Retirement Study has provided a vast
amount of information about the health, economic and psychosocial status of the
aging U.S. population,” says Richard J. Hodes, M.D., director of the NIA. “It
has also served as a template for similar studies now being conducted in other
countries, making the study even more valuable in helping us to look at aging
globally.”
The HRS paints a detailed portrait over time of older Americans’ physical and
mental health, insurance coverage, financial well-being, labor market status,
retirement planning, support systems, intergenerational transfers of time and
money, and living arrangements.
“The aging and retirement of the baby boom is one of the most powerful
demographic and economic forces at work in our country,” says NIA Director of
Behavioral and Social Research Richard M. Suzman, Ph.D., who was instrumental in
conceptualizing and starting the study. “The HRS has become a major national
resource for addressing these issues and has acted as a powerful catalyst in
combining economic, psychological and biological research perspectives to
provide new understandings of retirement and aging.”
HRS Co-Directors Robert J. Willis, Ph.D., and David R. Weir, Ph.D.,
professors at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, note that the study’s continuous success and unusually high response rate
depend on the ongoing contributions of the study participants.
“Over the past 14 years, a total of more than 27,000 Americans have
contributed hundreds of thousands of hours to this unique research effort. These
individuals, who share details about many aspects of their personal and family
lives, are indeed our most valuable asset, and the study would not be possible
without them,” Willis says.
Among the HRS’s important contributions to the study of aging and to social
science research:
- The HRS offers to the scientific community open access to in-depth,
longitudinal data about adults over age 50, enabling researchers to explore
critical aging-related concerns. Since the study began in 1992, 7,000
qualified scientists have registered to use the data, and nearly 1,000
researchers have tapped the data to produce more than 1,000 papers and
dissertations, including over 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and book
chapters.
- The study’s broad national representation allows it to look at the older
population in general, as well as the great diversity and variability of aging.
Thus, while for most people retirement is a relatively smooth transition for
which they have planned and prepared, there are important exceptions. One
study using HRS data showed that households that are otherwise similar in many
respects, including total lifetime income, nevertheless reach retirement with
very different levels of wealth, implying very different patterns of saving
and consumption.
- The HRS helps researchers to investigate both current issues and trends
over time. One important area of study has been the use of prescription drugs
among older people. HRS data suggested that people age 65 and older were less
likely than younger adults to have prescription drug insurance coverage, and
research has shown that, regardless of age, people without prescription drug
coverage are less likely than those who do to fill all of their prescriptions.
This type of cost-cutting by seniors poses an increased risk for adverse
health outcomes, HRS data have shown. The HRS also is actively following the
impact of the new Medicare prescription drug benefit on the use of medications
and ultimately on the health of the older population.
- The HRS permits researchers to probe the impacts of unexpected health
events, such as a cancer diagnosis, heart attack, stroke or the onset of
chronic disease on other aspects of individuals’ lives. For example, analyses
using the HRS data have shown that household income and wealth decline
considerably after a “health shock” and that the income losses persist for at
least a decade. Further, much of the loss of household wealth comes from loss
of earnings rather than high average out-of-pocket medical expenses,
suggesting that some people are under-insured for disability. Major illnesses
that leave people with functional limitations often lead to early retirement,
and studies are currently analyzing how less severe illnesses or declines in
health and functioning may affect retirement decisions.
- The HRS is one of the first national health surveys to measure cognitive
health and cognitive-impairment risk factors at the population level. Data
gathered through the study allow researchers to assess the impact of dementia
on health care utilization and informal caregiving and the societal costs of
dementia care. Researchers analyzing HRS data found, for example, that the
national annual cost of informal caregiving by family and friends for dementia
was $18 billion, compared with $9 billion for depression and $6 billion each
for diabetes, stroke and incontinence.
- The HRS gathers information about participants’ expectations for the
future — when they expect to retire, how long they think they will live and
how much they intend to bequeath to family members, for example. The combined
use of this information and longitudinal data lets researchers look at whether
people’s expectations are actually in line with what ultimately happens.
Currently, baby boomers are predicting that they will stay in the labor force
longer than their immediate predecessors did.
- The HRS has served as a model for other large-scale, longitudinal aging
and retirement surveys, including an 11-nation European study and similar
studies in Britain, Mexico, Israel and South Korea. These studies’ parallel
designs permit comparisons across countries, and cross-national exchange of
information has brought new ideas and approaches, both for the other studies
and the HRS. For example, the 2006 HRS survey wave will gather biomarker data,
an idea originally pioneered by the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
(ELSA). HRS and ELSA data also were used to compare the health of the U.S. and
English white populations, finding that the English population was
significantly healthier even after controlling for weight, exercise, smoking
and alcohol consumption.
The HRS Web site,
http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu, provides more information on the study as
well as an online bibliography of publications using the HRS, user registration
and data links.
The National Institute on Aging leads the federal effort supporting and
conducting research on aging and the medical, social, and behavioral issues of
older people. For more information on research and aging, go to
www.nia.nih.gov.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research
Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for
conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research,
and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare
diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit
www.nih.gov.
By
M.B. Date
26-06-2006
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